KEY CAPABILITY OBJECTIVES AND MISSION STATEMENT FOR THE AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE - 2022 Defence Strategic Review Submission
Executive Summary
This Strategic Review submission will provide an overview for an expanded Australian Defence Force in response to a projected threat of invasion - with secondary considerations for limited global deployments, regional deployments, and humanitarian missions.
The primary future threat, for the purposes of building a capable Defence Force, will be the Armed Forces of Indonesia in a scenario where that country has taken on an expansionist foreign policy in the aftermath of a disastrous US economic collapse or other catastrophe.
In such a scenario, where the US military is in a state of paralysis, or has withdrawn from the Asia-Pacific region, the Defence of the Australian mainland will be left solely in our own hands. This assumption should be the guiding principle in shaping the ADF.
The subsequent changes to the ADF - the things needed to combat a large landed military force - becomes self evident.
Key recommendations made in this submission are:
1. The strengthening and expansion of the Air Force centred around an Air Superiority Fighter, which will be the Next Generation Air Dominance Fighter, having flight characteristics equal to, or better than, the F-22/(or YF-23). There will also be a new Tactical Air Force component and a Strategic Missile Force.
2. A significant expansion and hardening of the Army with (at least) two extra 1st Division brigades, the strengthening of Reserve forces (2nd Division), the creation of an irregular military force (3rd Division), plus a massive increase in artillery units, a massive increase in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (armed UAVs/killer UAVs), an increase in attack helicopter numbers, and improved anti-drone/aircraft defences.
3. An expansion of the Navy, particularly in submarines, plus the introduction of land attack cruise missiles, and a heightened focus on helicopter/UAV equipped surface vessels.
4. The operation of ALL services under an 'Air and Sensor Umbrella' that include satellites, drones, radar, sonar, and enhanced sighting equipment on vehicles and weapons.
There are 3 main sections to this report:
(A) Working Assumptions and Broad Structure
(B) Warfighting Structure and Materiel by Service
(C) Defence Procurement and Recruitment Strategies, plus Economic and Societal Considerations
Simply put, this paper endeavours to address the ADF as a wholistic fighting entity focusing on the necessary equipment and personnel required to successfully undertake the self defence mission. This submission does not cover aspects of intelligence gathering, Special Forces, or specifics relating to sensor technology/programs. The paper will make its argument using straightforward terminology that is understandable to anyone.
SECTION A: Working Assumptions and Broad Structure
Working Assumptions
The ADF structure outlined here is designed to dramatically increase Australian warfighting capability in order to defend the mainland against a large Indonesian military force of 2030 to 2040. One can also assume a threat from a future Chinese expeditionary force. This is the primary purpose of our defence force - to protect the Australian mainland.
The following recommendations are contingency plans in the event of an aggressive, expansionist Islamist, or Nationalist, regime coming to power in Jakarta - where direct military, intelligence or logistical support from the United States is unavailable.
It is therefore essential that preparations to improve our force structure begin immediately because of the lead time needed to address current deficiencies - particularly the ADF's significant numerical disadvantage.
This submission assumes the opposing future force is well trained and equipped; that they field advanced air force equipment, significant sealift capacity (including civilian seacat vessels), airlift capacity, plus radicalised elements prepared to engage in one way (suicide) special operations against rear area targets. Expected targets would be airfields, naval or army bases, logistical centres, power stations and dams. These irregular units would also engage in mass-casualty civilian killing operations using armed squads in urban areas with a bushfire lighting strategy in the summer.
Once the potential threat is imagined the necessary ADF capabilities become readily apparent in terms of equipment, preparedness and expanded personnel numbers. The ADF must, without question, maintain various elements in a high state of readiness, with snap counter invasion drills and significant improvements in base protection and asset survivability. Armed raids and missile strikes must be expected in the opening stages of any confrontation.
Ties to regional allies, such as Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, the French Navy, and also the Royal Navy, should be strengthened. Reliance on the US in terms of defence must not be assumed. The level of interoperability and technology sharing with these other allies should be increased.
Broad Structure
Key ADF Elements:
Listed below are basic defence priorities needed to fulfill the Primary Mission Goal of the ADF, which is to Defend the Australian Mainland. This Strategic Review submission does not address the first element listed here nor provide specific details on the second:
1. Intelligence Gathering: which includes military and civilian organisations focusing on human, signals, satellite, and analysis of opposing force capabilities that assumes the worst. Included here would be (military) counter-intelligence programs.
2. Sensor Capabilities: these include long range airborne radar or IRST (E-7A/AEW Drones); hypersonic recon drones; surface (JORN) based radar systems; fixed undersea (SOSUS) systems; submarine sonar sensing; satellite surveillance; tactical and strategic optical-sensing UAVs; maritime patrol aircraft; plus visual aids for all Air Force, Army and Navy platforms using infra-red (IR) and low-light high-magnification scopes - with similar aids for individual soldiers. Included here would be essential Electronic Warfare (EW) capabilities that must be strengthened in all services to improve the ability to jam or deceive enemy weapons, detection and communications systems.
3. Air Supremacy: via Long Range Air Superiority Fighters (also used for strike mission requirements). These are of PRIMARY importance with increased numbers of aircraft compared to the present inventory. An expanded air force, comparable to the ratios fielded by Israel or Singapore, is essential in providing air cover for all other ADF war fighting operations. Larger numbers are needed to compensate for the relatively small size of the other services. Note: In regard to long range strike, the Air Force will include a mobile Strategic Missile Force intended to hit targets on land and sea.
4. Tactical Air Power: will focus on battlefield support, and be formed around 4th and 5th Generation air assets, including training aircraft, with an increased number of attack helicopters, and Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
5. Army Expansion and Hardening: with (at least) two extra 1st Division Brigades (making five the total number of combat brigades), a strengthened 2nd Division Reserve Force, a massive increase in heavy indirect and direct fire weapons, increased vehicle and man portable Anti-Tank & Anti-Air weaponry, plus an overall increase in UAV units with the addition of loitering munitions (killer UAVs). A new irregular infantry force, 3rd Division, will be created with lower physical requirements and be centred on the use of Technical vehicles. Planning for raising an even larger civilian fighting force in times of emergency, based on an expanded Cadets program, should also be undertaken.
6. Expanded Submarine Force and Navy: submarines will operate as the primary sea-control and strike weapons system using Anti-Ship or Land-Attack cruise missiles. A moderate increase and improvement to existing surface vessel numbers will occur to combat air/missile and ASW threats, with a heightened focus on helicopter/UAV capability.
Secondary Roles for the ADF:
The secondary roles for the ADF, outside of mainland defence, are to;
1. Participate in high intensity large scale Multi-National Operations anywhere around the globe, with an emphasis on air power projection and special operations.
2. Engage in unilateral, or bilateral, low intensity conflicts throughout the region using sea-lift and air-lift transport capacities to move equipment and personnel - where the danger from sea and air threats is very low.
3. Provide Humanitarian Assistance (a morale booster) to crisis struck Australian civilians, whether on the mainland or in outlying territories, and to provide assistance to the civilian populations of our near neighbours in times of need - so genuine goodwill can be built between countries.
Section B: Warfighting Structure and Materiel by Service
The following is a summation of equipment and personnel levels that will illustrate the overall warfighting structure and function of the ADF. Supporting equipment, such as trucks, are not included which defer to existing programs.
Matters relating to intelligence gathering, or specifics relating to sensor technology, JORN radar for instance, and details about Special Forces, are deliberately omitted, as mentioned previously.
AIR FORCE
The Air Force must be centred around an Air Superiority platform in light of the equipment being fielded in the region. These aircraft must kinematically match or beat emerging threat aircraft that include the Su-57, Su-35, J-20, and J-31 types. With projected advances in Radar, Infra Red, and ECM jamming (that can blind radars and reduce detection ranges) Australia cannot rely upon an intrinsically inferior flying platform like the F-35. The F-35 relies heavily on its present day stealth and sensor advantage and if this is countered the aircraft is then overmatched. A long range air combat fighter, with superior aero performance, is the only viable option.
Air dominance is essential in facilitating all other ADF operations under an AIR AND SENSOR UMBRELLA enabling our size limited forces to 'punch far above their weight'. Numerous air superiority fighters will provide cover for dedicated tactical bombing aircraft and dual use training aircraft. Maintaining an expanded and strengthened air force should be seen as the most important feature of our Homeland Defence (closely followed by an expanded Army).
The RAAF's other primary function is to provide a Strategic Strike capability using air-launched cruise missiles and ground-launched hypersonic missiles able to hit high value targets on land and at sea.
Note: The equipment selection here recognises two tiers of capability; aircraft, either drones or piloted, that can be forward deployed into contested airspace, and platforms that can't. The latter consist of high value support aircraft, or maritime reconnaissance aircraft, that would be prey to opposition stealth aircraft or high speed long range fighters. Furthermore, high levels of manned aircraft will always be required in the event the drones are jammed or hacked and thereby made inoperable or unreliable.
1. Air Superiority, Strike & Electronic Warfare
(120-140+) Air Superiority Fighters (NGAD)
At least 120 dedicated Air Superiority fighters are required. They will operate with UCAVs and play a secondary Strike role, employing a range of standoff weapons, including cruise missiles, and engage in Tactical Air support where necessary. A long range aircraft with the kinematic performance of the F-22 or YF-23 is required. The targeted aircraft for acquisition should be the upcoming Next Generation Air Dominance fighter.
(80) MQ-28 Ghost Bat UCAVs
A large number of UCAVs will be needed for long range strike, recon and air defence missions. They will be guided by AI or controlled from NGAD, F/A-18F, AWACs, or ground locations. These aircraft will also operate in conjunction with the large early warning drones if, or when, they are introduced (see later).
(12) Hypersonic Recon Drones
Not yet developed but a near future proposition. They will provide intelligence information in the absence of satellite imagery and operate over land and sea in high threat environments. They will take the place of slower moving and more vulnerable platforms like the MQ-4C Triton and use RADAR, LIDAR and Photo/IR mapping systems.
(2000+) Strategic Missiles, Truck Mounted Force
Truck mounted Hypersonic Missiles will be operated by the Air Force. The number of missiles required will be at least 2000 with multiple reloads for a small number of launch vehicles. The missiles are intended to strike high value targets throughout the region on land and at sea, including airfields, command and control, ammunition dumps, high value military facilities, power stations (including nuclear ones) and shipping. These weapons form part of the country's strategic deterrent.
Future: Efforts must be made to acquire supersonic long range bombers in the class of the F-111 (previously operated by the RAAF) and the EF-111 (the electronic warfare variant operated by the USAF). The proposed Northrop/Grumman FB-23 would fit this requirement.
(44+) FB-23s
FB-23As would be the primary strike aircraft of the ADF. In addition to carrying air-to-surface weaponry these aircraft will be equipped with a combination of two long range self defence missiles and a number of short range anti-missile missiles. This platform will also be able to act as a tanker using buddy-buddy air-to-air refueling in contested areas via a drogue system situated in the bomb bay. These aircraft are expected to fly manned recon missions if necessary.
(12) EB-23s
The EB-23 Electronic Warfare variants would act in the role of the EF-111 and are to accompany the FB-23s on long range strike missions (and other aircraft on operations).
2. Tactical Air and Training
Operating under the protection provided by Air Superiority aircraft will be tactical fighter bombers, armed UAVs, and dual use training aircraft operating in the ground attack role. All training aircraft are required to operate as light attack platforms with limited air-to-air combat capability with off boresight targeting. Army helicopters will also operate in this environment.
(56) F-35A Lightning II
Will operate in the fighter bomber role, under the cover of NGAD fighters, as they were intended when first developed.
(36+) F/A-18F Super Hornets (Block III)
Super Hornets will operate as 'bomb trucks' and also in the strike role before a proper replacement (for the previously employed F-111s) strike bomber can be acquired.
(12) E/A-18G Growler (Block III)
These aircraft will be retained and upgraded even if EB-23s are acquired to provide another (tactical) layer of dedicated EW.
(24+) MQ-9 Reapers
These drones are to provide near continuous surveillance in support of Army operations and act in the ground attack/COIN role. Such UAVs can be used as air defence decoys or scouts for forward deployment of Army rotary wing aircraft. Because of the threat of jamming, manned aircraft systems must still be retained at the current levels presently envisaged.
(66) M-346 Masters
These multi-mission trainers, upgraded with AESA radar, are a key component of the tactical air force with half their number (33) operating in a dedicated ground attack role at all times. They replace the Hawk 123s that move to reserve squadron use.
(65) Embraer Super Tucanos
Significant numbers of these aircraft, that are better suited for tactical air support, must be considered as a replacement for the PC-21s.
(33) Hawk 127s
These aircraft will be deployed to reserve squadrons that will also field CT-4E basic trainers (see later).
3. AWACS & Support Aircraft
AWACS and AEW aircraft are to be equipped with IRST sensors and routinely carry long range self defence missiles, such as the Meteor, and short range anti-missile missiles. Piloted high value aircraft, in the event of high intensity war, such as the E-7A Wedgetails, are to avoid forward deployment with drones operating as their eyes and ears. This is a key reason for having drones - because they are semi-expendable. The piloted vehicles would act as command and control centres.
(12) UAV AEW Drones
Efforts are needed to develop drone AEW systems that can act as forward airborne sensing systems using AESA radar, IRST and have long range and short range self defence air-to-air missiles stored in aerodynamic pods. Multiple drones will operate at any one time having limited AI capabilities that will allow them to fly search patterns and return to base in the event their control comms are jammed.
(6) E-7A Wedgetails
Wedgetails will be equipped with IRST and have four long range self defence missiles and short range anti-missile missiles stored in aerodynamic pods. They will also act as command and control aircraft for drone AEW aircraft.
(9) KC-30A Tankers
The numbers of these aircraft are increased and are intended to top up aircraft in low intensity environments or well outside of contested airspace. They will nevertheless be modified to carry self defence missiles. In future any forward area tanking would be undertaken using FB-23s (if acquired) where they will be fitted with a bomb bay refueling system. The idea is to avoid contact with opposing long range stealth interceptors like the Su-57 or J-20.
(15) P-8A Poseidon Maritime Patrol Aircraft
Upgraded with IRST systems and equipped with aerodynamic pods containing self defence missiles.
(7) MQ-4C Triton Maritime Surveillance Drones
Are to be used in low threat surveillance but likely withdrawn in high intensity situations where long range 'emerging threat' fighters are in operation. Specific wartime targeting recon will nominally come from hypersonic drones or satellites. Future aerostat systems may supplement these drones operating in the same capacity but for a longer duration.
(5) MC-55A Peregrine
They are to fly SIGINT/ELINT/ISR/EW missions in support of various ADF operations once air supremacy is achieved or in low threat areas.
*Note: Air transport equipment (Air Force and Army), that includes fixed wing and rotary aircraft, will be covered in a later section.
Addendum: Air Force Reserves/Airbases
*A number of Reserve Squadrons will be established in order to maintain an expanded force of pilots able to become fully active in a time of conflict. RAAF pilots leaving full time duty would be encouraged to operate in a reserve capacity. These squadrons would operate separately to training squadrons with at least one based in each state or territory. Each squadron would be equipped with six CT-4E basic trainers, one or two Super Tucanos, and one or two Hawk 127s (the jets acquired from inventory set to be replaced by M-346 Masters). One or two large drones would also be operated by the squadron.
*Airbase facilities are to be strengthened and expanded in the South with prepared stations in the North occupied when necessary. Large scale permanent far Northern deployments are to be avoided in order to lessen the damage caused by cruise missile or airstrikes. All airbases, either in the North or South, are to feature hardened or underground structures with dispersed buildings. Furthermore, anti-air/anti-missile defence systems will be incorporated.
Ground security elements, including in the design of the actual bases, are to be greatly improved to counter commando style attacks.
ARMY
The Army size will increase to a total of (at least) five 1st Division Combined Arms Brigades, seven 2nd Division Reserve Brigades, and will add a new irregular National Defence Force (NDF), 3rd Division, consisting of another seven mobile brigades. The expansion of Army Brigades will be facilitated by an expansion of the ADF Cadets program. Overall, Army brigades will be hardened with substantial mechanised and armoured units. Numerous self propelled artillery systems will be acquired so that all units will have improved indirect fire support elements. First and Second Division Brigades will feature improved electronic warfare capability, abundant anti-air systems, expendable killer UAVs (in addition to other UAV types), and have unmanned ground vehicles. There will be an overall focus on mobility and readiness.
Integral to the strengthening of land forces is the development of a protective AIR AND SENSOR UMBRELLA in which situational awareness is improved via ground and airborne systems. Individual troops and their ground vehicles will feature high magnification Infra-Red and Night Vision sights, while UAVs and numerous attack helicopters will be employed to project power at range along with the use of massed artillery. Such a set up (superior sensing ability) is necessary to compensate for the relatively low number of ground forces.
A breakdown of Army Division functionality, in terms of equipment, follows. Only core warfighting equipment is covered, otherwise this submission defers to existing programs. Note: Small arms and Special Forces Units are not covered here.
Equipment Summary
All fighting vehicles will be fitted with Active Protection Systems while Main Battle Tanks plus various IFVs and APCs will be fitted with 12.7mm or 20mm anti-drone guns (noted by an asterisk*). These anti drone RWS guns will feature short range radar or optical/IR systems that can lock onto nearby aerial targets. Most vehicles will also be fitted with two recon drones capable of carrying two grenades or a rifle. Anti-mine roller extensions on the front of various wheeled and tracked vehicles, to defeat common anti-tank mines, should be developed. Widespread use of vehicle and infantry deployed anti-tank guided weapons (ATGW) and thermobaric missile systems will be another feature.
Frontline Equipment:
(180) Jaguar CRVs (EBRC) - replacing Boxers that are now classified as IFVs. More than sixty should be equipped with a 105mm gun. *
(150+) M1A2SEPv3 Abrams or K2 Black Panther or future 130-140mm MBTs. *
(550+) AS21 Redback IFVs - equipped with a 30/40mm gun, with add on side armour and improved turret optics, ATGWs, acting in the classic IFV* role. Additional numbers of Redbacks with 105mm turrets* should be acquired along with 120mm Mortar vehicles (at least 80 in number). Anti-air variants should also be developed using the K30 Biho and NASAMS systems. [Note: the ADF may chose the KF41 Linx rather than the Redback, in which case this outline would defer to that choice, which is this paper's second choice option.]
(500+) Boxer IFVs - reequipped with the modified Redback Turret (that does not use proprietary ammunition, has an integrated APS and ATGW launcher) to act as wheeled IFVs*. A number of these vehicles will have a 105mm turret* for Fire Support/Anti-Tank action, with 120mm Mortar (100+ vehicles), Anti-Air (K30 Biho), Command*, plus Evac variants.
(1100) Bushmaster PMVs - to be upgraded with APS and kept in their current role equipped with 12.7mm gun/40mm grenade remote weapon stations, limited anti drone RWS variants, and ATGW variants. The VBMR Griffon/Serval should be considered as a replacement. A number of these vehicles will form part of the NASAMS mobile air defence system with Hawkei LPMVs. Other variants will act as battlefield UAV support platforms fielding recon drones and significant numbers of loitering munitions.
(1100) Hawkei LPMVs - for scouting & light utility, upgraded with engine compartment protection against 7.62mm rounds, and featuring a range of weapons options including a 30mm RWS. A number of these vehicles will form part of a NASAMS mobile air defence system with Bushmaster PMVs.
(44+) M142 HIMARS - multiple launch rocket artillery system.
(2000+) 'Shahed-136' Heavy Suicide Drones (copy), truck mounted - to act as a cheap cruise missile asset. [Likely fielded by the RAAF]
(120) AS9 Huntsman Self Propelled 155mm/52 Calibre Artillery system - with support vehicle based on the K9-K10 combination.
(220) G6 Rhino Self Propelled 155mm/52 Calibre Artillery - introduced with a wheeled automatic resupply vehicle (such as the K9-K10 tracked artillery combination). The Australian Rhino should endeavour to use the same turret as the AS9 Huntsman.
(120) CAESAR Self Propelled 155mm/52 Calibre Artillery - transportable via C-130 with a potentially modified mine resistant truck component.
(180+) EVO 105 Truck Mounted Howitzer - 105mm mobile artillery for reserve force use and anti materiel fire.
(44) M777 Ultra lightweight 155mm Towed Artillery
Unmanned Ground Vehicles:
Wheeled and tracked unmanned ground vehicles will be acquired for use in detecting enemy positions, in mine detection, and to aid in urban combat. The vehicles should be modified to have anti-mine rollers extending in front of their tracks or wheels.
(200) M113AS4 UGVs - reequipped with a 30mm gun and ATGW system with IR and night vision systems.
(100+) Wheeled Autonomous Robotic Vehicles - to be used as convoy lead vehicles in the anti-mine role and as gun platforms using 12.7mm to 30mm weapons and ATGW. Stored ASLAVs may be used in this role.
(50+) 'Uran-9 type' tracked UGVs - will be trailer mounted for transport and equipped with a 30/40mm gun and ATGW aimed at urban warfare.
Reserve Force and Waterborne Vehicles:
Reserve Army units (2nd Division) are to be strengthened considerably from their present state with new and upgraded existing equipment. A dedicated Amphibious Commando Force, well armed, will be established to add a level of flexibility in regional operations. Additionally, a mobile irregular defence force element (3rd Division) is to be established using modified Technical Vehicles led by Hawkei PMVs. Reserve forces will use equipment already listed, such as Bushmaster PMVs, and the following:
(200) Boxer IFVs - additional numbers to the ones already listed, equipped with a 30/40mm gun, ATGW or 105mm gun. These vehicles will be the same as employed by 1st Division.
(230+) M113AS4 Multi-role APCs - retained as lightweight infantry carriers with an increased number configured in the fire-support mortar role. These vehicles also form a pool of equipment for the UGVs. All M113s may eventually be replaced by the CV90 or Redback, including for the UGVs.
(5000+) Hilux Technical Vehicles - will be fitted with armoured windscreens and ballistic protection inserts around the cab and engine to protect against 7.62mm rounds. They will be armed with 12.7mm guns and ATGWs with (standard) high magnification sights, plus many vehicles will carry 81mm mortars.
(120) ACVs - intended for the Amphibious Commando Force, using the same equipment as used by the United States Marine Corps with 12.7mm guns, 40mm grenade launchers, with mortar, ATGW and a 105mm gun variant.
Air-Umbrella Elements (Army)
It is essential that land forces operate under air cover wherever possible in order to detect and act upon opposing forces at range. The following are core aviation and drone components associated with ground force operations, minus the already listed Heavy Suicide Drones:
(44+) AH-64E Apaches - if possible block 2 compound Apaches will be acquired rather than conventional helos. These aircraft replace the current Tiger ARHs.
(27) S-97 Raiders - these aircraft will also act as a light fire support aircraft whilst maintaining a useful level of utility.
(100+) Lightweight Battlefield-Recon UAVs - models such as the RQ-7 Shadow, ScanEagle, Phantom 4 and Wasp III will accompany motorised, mechanised, and armoured units. They will be deployed from specialised UAV carrying Bushmasters and are intended to operate at many kilometres from their ground units.
Killer UAVs (Loitering Munitions) - Switchblade UAVs and similar types of loitering munitions, essentially flying bombs, will be fielded from the specialised UAV carrying Bushmaster PMVs. Many rounds (tens of thousands) will be available in order to conduct sustained precision strikes on targets detected by other drones.
Common Vehicle Carried UAVs - Every vehicle should carry easy-to-deploy quadcopter, or similar, drones as an overlapping layer of sensing capability. Such drones must carry lightweight munitions, such as two grenades, or mount a rifle. Further in the future each vehicle will come equipped with an external fitting which can deploy these UAVs that will fly ahead autonomously and return to their mountings.
Squad Level UAVs - Each infantry Squad should carry at least two small UAV drones that are normally folded away in a slim case with an iPad or iPhone controller. These drones are for use in high threat environments - in situations where locating enemy positions is very difficult. In the future each individual soldier is likely to carry two semi autonomous drones.
Lightweight Tactical Periscopes are to be made available for looking around and over cover. Infantry need to make use of cover, and in situations where the incoming fire is heavy or accurate, sticking up a periscope for a quick look can make a big difference. A key requirement of these periscopes is they must be attachable to the side of ADF rifles (next to, or plugged into, the rifle scope), or possibly mounted on the stock at the rear. This gives the option of returning fire from behind cover.
Division Equipment Summary (Core Equipment)
1st Division - Comprising 5 Combined Arms Brigades of 4500+ soldiers (Armoured/Mechanised Units)
Wheeled Recon Vehicles: Jaguar CRV with 30/40mm gun, 105mm gun, ATGW.
Main Battle Tanks: M1A2SEPv3 Abrams (or better)
Tracked IFVs: AS21 Redback with 30/40mm gun, 105mm gun, 120mm mortar, and ATGW.
Wheeled IFVs: Boxer with 30/40mm gun, ATGW, 105mm gun variants plus 120mm mortar fire support.
Wheeled APCs & Light Recon Vehicles: Bushmaster & Hawkei PMVs with 12.7/30mm gun, ATGW.
Tracked/Wheeled Artillery: HIMARS (Rocket Artillery), 'Shahed-136' (Heavy Suicide Drones), AS9 Huntsman 155mm, Rhino 155mm, Caesar 155mm, EVO105s, and Towed 155mm M777 guns.
Amphibious Units
Wheeled IFVs: ACV with 12.7mm gun, 40mm grenade, mortar, 105mm gun, ATGW.
Key supporting elements:
Unmanned Ground Vehicles: Wheeled mine detection road vehicles, tracked M113AS4s with ATGW/30mm gun system, plus a small trailer mounted off-road tracked UGV for urban combat.
Mine Clearance Vehicles (Husky III/2G).
UAV launch & recover, including Killer UAV drones.
Electronic Warfare attack & defence, drone jamming.
Anti-Air/Missile/Drone vehicles incorporating guns (K30 Biho/RWS system) and medium/long range missiles (NASAMS & MEADS).
2nd Division - Comprising 7 Reserve Force Brigades of 2500+ troops (Mechanised/Motorised Infantry)
Wheeled Light Recon Vehicles: Hawkei PMVs with 12.7mm or 30mm gun and ATGW.
Wheeled IFVs: Boxer with 30/40mm gun, ATGW and 105mm gun.
Wheeled APCs: Bushmaster PMVs with 12.7mm gun, 81mm mortar, ATGW.
Tracked APCs: M113AS4 with 12.7mm gun, 81mm mortar, ATGW (limited numbers).
Technical Vehicles: Hilux with 12.7mm & 7.62mm guns, 81mm mortar, ATGW.
Wheeled Artillery: EVO105s and Towed 155mm M777 guns.
Key supporting elements:
Unmanned Ground Vehicles (limited numbers).
Mine Clearance Vehicles (Husky III/2G).
UAV launch & recover, including Killer UAV drones.
Electronic Warfare attack & defence, drone jamming (limited numbers).
Anti-Air/Missile/Drone vehicles incorporating guns (K30 Biho/RWS system) and short/medium range missiles (NASAMS).
3rd Division - Comprising 7 Irregular NDF Brigades of 2500+ troops (Mobile Infantry)*
Wheeled Light Recon/Lead Element Vehicles: Hawkei PMVs with 12.7mm or 30mm gun and ATGW.
Technical Vehicles: Hilux with 12.7mm & 7.62mm guns, 81mm mortar, ATGW.
Wheeled Artillery: EVO105s (limited numbers)
Key supporting elements:
UAV launch & recover, including Killer UAV drones.
Electronic Warfare attack & defence, drone jamming (limited numbers).
MANPAD Anti-Air missiles.
*3rd Division is a National Defence Force recruited from the civilian population with reduced physical requirements where candidates will need to pass aptitude tests and background checks before being accepted to training. Training will be less involved than that of the standard Reserve troops. The NDF will be taught combat tactics and strategy including the philosophy and reasoning behind war and service in defence of the country. Live fire ranges will be established close to the population centres, from which 3rd Division members are recruited, to allow easy training of the force. Their standard equipment, making the division highly mobile, will consist of more than 5000 up-armoured technical vehicles armed with heavy machine guns, 81mm mortars, and anti-tank guided weapons. Mine resistant Hawkei PMVs, armed with 30mm guns, will act as the lead vehicle for columns of NDF technical vehicles. *[See Editor's notes on killer UAV operations as a new role for 3rd Division.]
Expanded ADF Cadets Program
In order to facilitate the growth of the Army 1st and 2nd Division, and to allow for the creation of 3rd Division (the National Defence Force), and to also enable the raising of a very large Irregular Civilian Infantry Force at short notice, the ADF Cadets program will be expanded to more schools throughout the country. Basic weaponry skills will be taught that allow students to operate assault rifles, heavy machine guns, mortars, and anti-tank weapons in conjunction with programs that encourage physical activity with some teaching on the philosophical aspects of war and of service in defence of the country - that the world is not a peaceful place and that negotiation from a position of strength is preferable to being the victim. *[See Editor's notes on UAV training for ADF Cadets.]
Battlegroup Summary (1st Division) + Skirmishing Units
The expanded Army should be set up to conduct three types of warfare: Rapid Maneuver/Deployment, Maneuver, and Holding actions, supported by highly mobile skirmishing elements, with the aim to overmatch opposing forces in terms of equipment, organisation and training.
Wheeled force battlegroups are to act as Rapid Maneuver/Deployment forces (armoured cavalry) and provide skirmishing elements, while tracked battlegroups are to operate as regular armoured Maneuver units. The wheeled force will 'self deploy' without needing flatbed truck transports. Both battlegroup types, together with irregular forces (3rd Division), will deploy with a massive increase in artillery support where all force types can perform Holding actions.
The following selection of vehicles is intended to demonstrate the fighting force component of a 1st Division Combined Arms Battlegroup. It is intended that multiple battlegroups almost always act together on campaign. Note: Not covered in the following list are independent Skirmishing units that are small fast moving detached forces that comprise Jaguar CRVs, Boxer IFVs, Hawkei PMVs, and Technicals.
Heavy Tracked Maneuver Force
(6) Jaguar CRV Armoured Recon Vehicles (with drone launcher)/105mm Fire Support variants *
(5) M113 Unmanned Combat Vehicles as lead vehicle mine detectors, enemy detection units, and combat (Gun/ATGW) platforms
(5+) M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tanks (current equipment) *
(12-20) AS21 Redback IFVs *
(4+) AS21 Redback/BIHO Short Range Anti Aircraft/Drone Artillery (guns/missiles)
(1) AS21 Redback NASAMS Medium Range Anti Aircraft/Drone Artillery
(4) AS21 Redback 120mm Mortar units
(6) AS9 Huntsman 155mm Artillery
(5) AS21 Redback IFVs acting as artillery security vehicles and tracked recon
(4) AS21 Redback Drone Carriers with UAVs and killer UAVs *
(1) AS21 Redback Electronic Warfare vehicle
Rapid Maneuver/Deployment Wheeled Force
(6) Jaguar CRV Armoured Recon Vehicles (with drone launcher)/105mm Fire Support variants *
(5) Wheeled Unmanned Ground Vehicles as lead vehicle mine detectors, enemy detection units, and combat (Gun/ATGW) platforms: either modified ASLAVs or a new vehicle.
(6) Boxer Fire Support 105mm
(12-20) Boxer IFVs *
(4+) Boxer BIHO Short Range Anti Aircraft/Drone Artillery (Guns/Missiles)
(1) Bushmaster NASAMS Medium Range Anti Aircraft/Drone Artillery
(4) Boxer 120mm Mortar units
(6) G6 Rhino 155mm Artillery
(3) CAESAR 155mm Artillery
(5) Hawkei 30mm/ATGW PMVs acting as artillery security vehicles
(4) Bushmaster Drone Carriers with UAVs and killer UAVs *
(1) Bushmaster Electronic Warfare vehicle
* Note: Vehicles with the asterisk are to be equipped with a 'miniaturized' future Radar/IR/optical sensing anti-air RWS that uses either a 12.7mm or 20mm gun for use against drones. Turrets on the IFVs are to be large enough to accommodate this RWS system.
Support equipment:
HIMARS Rocket Artillery, 'Shahed-136' Heavy Suicide Drones, Huntsman/Rhino/CAESAR 155mm Artillery Systems, EVO105 Artillery, MEADS Anti Air System (not listed in the main equipment section)
NAVY
The Navy's primary task is to control waters around the Australian continent maintaining an above and below water AIR AND SENSOR UMBRELLA using submarines, surface vessels, RAAF air support, and ship-based aviation assets. Development of undersea listening stations, a SOSUS system, if not already in operation, will provide further surface ship and submarine detection capability.
The primary sea control element will be an expanded submarine force able to project power around the Indonesian archipelago and into the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Submarines operate as a strategic deterrent and will be forward deployed ahead of the surface fleet during a time of conflict.
The surface fleet's function, to destroy other vessels, continues with an emphasis on Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) combined with a focus on air defence, particularly anti-missile defence. All destroyers and frigates will therefore field multi-layered missile defence systems (CIWS and anti-missile missiles), and have strong ASW sensors, with bow and towed sonar arrays. All major surface combatants must furthermore incorporate anti-torpedo torpedoes. Standard sensor capability will include advanced AESA radar and IR systems.
Destroyers, frigates and submarines will also have a secondary land-attack strike capability being fitted to carry Tomahawk (LAM) cruise missiles. All capital ships, including armed offshore patrol vessels, will routinely employ drones (UAVs*/USVs) and helicopters as part of normal operations.
*Note: Consideration should be made towards developing a long endurance ship-deployable UAV/AEW airship – for use off the LHD ships - to provide extended air and/or surface surveillance on close approach towards potentially threatening areas.
1. Primary Weapons Systems:
(6-8) Astute Class Submarines
Astute Class vessels are intended for many missions, with a focus on offensive operations. They will act as the key strategic strike platform (via Tomahawk LAMs to target Command & Control facilities plus Airfields), as an anti-submarine platform, as an anti-ship platform, plus conduct surveillance and special operations deployments. These boats must carry anti-torpedo torpedoes in addition to their heavy weight weapons, carry expendable UAVs, and later field a tube-launched anti-aircraft system for downing ASW aircraft. These boats are to be built at the existing production line in the UK. Future replacement boats will number 12 submarines. *[See Editor's notes on a conventional submarine option.]
(3) Hobart Class Destroyers
These vessels are to act in a multi-role capacity in addition to their air defence mission. They must also provide a limited strike capability via the Tomahawk LAM. In addition to an SH-60R helo these ships will carry one or two MQ-8B Fire Scout helicopter drones, or a AV-247 Vigilant tiltrotor drone, that can be armed for surface attack.
(12) Hunter Class Frigates
Increased numbers and optimised for anti-submarine warfare and air defence. Like the Hobart Class ships these frigates will be Tomahawk LAM capable and also operate one or two MQ-8B Fire Scout helicopter, or AV-247 Vigilant tiltrotor, drones in addition to their SH-60R helo.
(18) Arafura OPVs
The Offshore Patrol Vessels will require extensive modifications to install a 76mm deck gun and helicopter hanger (that may be semi retractable) to house a Panther multi-role helo. If necessary modifications to the funnel should be made so that the hangar area can extend further forward. Secondary gun armament will be 25mm guns with Martlet missiles as trialed by the Royal Navy. The entire fleet should be fitted with Rolling Airframe Missile Systems, to defend against air and missile threats, and have mountings for anti ship missiles. They will also carry anti torpedo torpedoes like the Hobart and Hunter class. In times of conflict their armed UAVs, or helicopter, will provide an advantage over other littoral combatants - particularly against hostile patrol boats and missile boats. [Note: The current configuration of these ships makes them little more than coast guard-type floating targets.]
Unmanned Surface Vessels
Two Classes of USVs will be required for armed surveillance, anti piracy, mine detection, special operations and fleet defence:
Ship-Deployable Inshore USVs (1-2 per vessel)
Small USVs are intended for armed reconnaissance in littoral waters. They will have a multi-day loitering capability being able to launch small recon UAVs (two per boat) for closer inspection of inland targets. The boats should be equipped with a FLIR system, have sonar (mine detection), be radar equipped and fitted with a 25mm cannon, plus be capable of firing both Hellfire (surface attack) and Stinger (anti-aircraft) missiles. These 'lightweight' drones come in two types - a larger 7 ton launch, the Fleet Class USV or similar, for use off capital ships, and a smaller RHIB version for use on Offshore Patrol Vessels.
Blue Water USVs (7)
These larger 500 ton ships are intended for picket line Air Defence and Anti-Submarine warfare; primarily to protect the Canberra Class LHDs. In addition to a torpedo launcher they will feature a VLS fitted with anti air and surface attack missiles to act in the (amphibious) fleet defence role. These drones will have a two month long endurance, needing only to refuel to remain active.
Air-Umbrella Elements: Naval Helicopters and UAVs
The use of aircraft is a key factor in detecting and countering other surface combatants and for coordinating cruise missile attacks and ship based artillery (gunfire support) strikes on land. In this capacity the following aircraft are recommended:
(60+) ScanEagle Drones - to be deployed on all capital ships as unarmed scouts.
(30+) MQ-8B Firescout Drones - for use on destroyers and frigates, armed with Hellfire or Martlet missiles, plus S-100 Camcopters (for use on the OPVs).
(18+) AV-247 Vigilant Tiltrotor Combat Drones - equipped for surface attack with a front and rear facing AEW radar attachment in addition to the normal IRST sensors. These drones are to be deployable to all major fleet vessels.
(36+) MH-60Rs - for surface attack and ASW operations from the Canberra, Hobart, and Hunter Class.
(24) Eurocopter Panthers - for surface attack and ASW operations primarily from the OPVs.
(18) EH101 Merlins - for transport and search operations on Canberra Class LHDs.
Note: Where possible the surface fleet will operate with RAAF surveillance comprising MQ-4C Triton drones, future long-endurance aerostat drones, or P-8A Poseidons.
2. Secondary Vessels:
The following ships are primarily for use in low intensity operations, including border patrol missions; or in higher tempo operations under an established air defence and ASW 'umbrella'. Otherwise these vessels should be fitted for, and training aimed at, supporting humanitarian missions.
(2) Canberra Class LHDs - must be equipped with CIWS missile defences and a RAM system. Their primary role is to provide logistical support to the ADF in low threat environments. Their other duty will be to aid in humanitarian operations where the air wing will be supplemented by cheap-to-operate (reserve force) UH-1H Huey IIs. While acting in the combat support role these ships will be equipped with attack helicopters and UAVs (helicopter/tiltrotor/airships) operating in the maritime/onshore surveillance role and light attack duties.
(1) HMAS Choules LDS - to be upgraded with CIWS and RAM systems.
(2) Endurance Class LDS - are intended to increase the ADF's sealift capacity. These ships must include anti-missile CIWS and RAM systems.
(2) Fleet Replenishment Vessels - Cantabria Class, with CIWS and a RAM system.
(6) Future Mine Sweepers - displacing 1500+ tons.
(4) Future Survey vessels - displacing 2000+ tons.
(6) Future Heavy Landing Craft (Caimen-200 design) - replacing Balikpapan Class.
(18) Cape Class patrol boats of the Australian Border Force operating as in shore surveillance, customs, and fishery vessels. The ten Navy boats must include a 25mm gun with Martlet missiles, and a Navalised APS to protect against munitions attack. Future patrol boats must be of steel construction.
(-) Requisition of civilian transport ships - ferries, container ships - during emergency situations.
ADF AIR TRANSPORT (RAAF/Army):
Air transport capacity is increased along with the size of the ADF with lower cost support platforms introduced. The primary role of the transport element is to support Australian Army operations across the continent. The secondary task is to support multi-national combat operations and humanitarian missions.
(8) C-17 Globemaster IIIs - currently in service.
(12) C-130Js retained in their current roles and potentially replaced by the Embraer C-390.
(10) C-27Js Spartan tactical transports - in service.
(46+) UH-60M - replacing the NH90.
(34+) UH-1H Huey IIs - to operate as a low cost work horse for reserve forces, in disaster relief and long term low intensity deployments.
(14) Chinook CH-47Fs - currently in service.
Future: V-280 Valor tiltrotors are to be evaluated for future use.
Section C: Defence Procurement and Recruitment Strategies, plus Economic and Societal Considerations
Procurement
Astute Class vessels are to be built on the production line in the UK. Money can be spent on expanding the UK facility so the Astute boats can remain in production while their SSBN program goes ahead. This will cover the looming submarine capability gap and have new vessels in the water within 4 years. Later replacement class boats can be built here in Australia where the fleet number will increase to 12 boats, and where construction will become a continuous exercise.*[See Editor's notes on a conventional submarine option.]
A program of continuous manufacture for Naval vessels must be undertaken, particularly for submarines, in order to retain the manufacturing expertise and to save on 'cold' start up costs.
The ADF must ensure that equipment is actively sought to fill capability requirements, even if the equipment does not currently exist. This means having an open tender for manufactures to develop what is needed - such as the 12.7mm-20mm anti drone gun for Army vehicles or the FB-23 long range strike bomber.
All major equipment programs must build to a clearly defined and set specification, only modified during the prototyping stage. Thereafter changes must be avoided until after the initial production run has concluded. Prototype or test vehicles must be fully kitted out during test and acceptance trials.
Munitions factories must be geared up to produce rifle rounds, artillery shells, ATGW reloads, UAVs and killer UAVs, including Heavy Suicide Drones, at short notice and in high volumes. Furthermore, weapons stockpiles, of ammunition and other high use/attrition impacted equipment, must remain high.
Personnel Recruitment/Retention/Training
A general improvement in living facilities for all bases is recommended including remodeled exteriors (and interiors) to impress the public and personnel. Facilities are to be 'dressed up' with new perimeter fences or concrete walls. Large flags, signs, or banners should be displayed throughout the base. Gate guardian vehicles are to be a prominent feature and should be visible from the roadway and must be inspiring. The idea is to capture people's imagination. If these things are noticeable to civilians walking past it helps plant the seed of an idea to join the military, especially in young people. The less inspiring things look the less inspiring things actually are.
The creation of city centred 3rd Division facilities, designed like sport centres, but behind walls, and the upgrade of other urban bases, to ensure they all have; 1. a large indoor, or underground, gun range featuring digital ATGW/MANPADS, that are identical to the real versions but fire a simulated round into a digital field, 2. have a large indoor sports centre, 3. a large lecture theatre/building, 4. a motor pool, 5. an outdoor parade area also used as a helicopter landing area. If possible an outdoor grassed area should also be available (this may be difficult in city locations). 3rd Division facilities should take on the nickname of 'the gun club', or similar, and the division be used to recruit personnel for 1st and 2nd Division. 3rd Division facilities should act as a hub for sporting activity and a tracksuit 'uniform' be introduced. *[See Editor's notes on 3rd Division UAV training.]
Physical management policies should be reviewed with a strategy to reduce physical wear. A factor against long term personnel retention may be due to accumulated physical damage, caused by load carrying (back?) injuries. An investigation needs to be conducted in this regard and action taken to reduce injury causing activity where practicable.
Increased support for military museums and display of deactivated military equipment in public areas to capture the public's imagination.
The ADF Online Gaming Community - the ADF is to partner with an online gaming platform, such as Call of Duty, to establish a first person shooter experience that pits Defence personnel against "Orange Force" that will occupy areas in Northern Australia - where the enemy will have air support, artillery, and field weapons systems comparable to the ADF. Other options will include counter insurgency missions in the Indo-Pacific region, or in other locations around the world. Players will gain some measure of familiarity with the necessary tactics and weapons that might be encountered in real world scenarios, especially in open field environments found on the Australian continent. The game takes inspiration from the United States platform, America's Army.
ADF Merchandise - the ADF should consider partnering with a major toy manufacturer to produce a line of die cast Army vehicles in the same scale as Matchbox or Hot Wheels cars. These are not supposed to be delicate collectible items but intended for vigorous play (with 'beefed up' gun barrels on the IFVs that would otherwise be subject to breakage). The line would also feature 'Orange Force' opposition vehicles in the shape of Russian and/or Chinese equipment. Air Force and Navy may also have similar lines but not necessarily to the vehicle scale.
Economic and Societal considerations
Without an overall long term Socio-Economic Strategy internal and external forces could act to undermine the systems and structure needed to facilitate the defence of the country. Any significant degradation of the Australian economy or society will impact the ability of the ADF to maintain its current equipment and personnel.
In order to develop and retain wealth within the country - to support the ADF's funding base (and protect the country's overall economic independence) - business, trading and taxation laws have to be biased strongly in favour of Australian (based) companies and employment. Economic policy must be geared against offshore profiteering, tax minimisation, harmful monopolisation, and foreign acquisition of national assets. Failure to act here would respectively find the country's wealth extracted, inaccessible, concentrated, and/or captured by overseas interests. Maintaining a strong level of internal productive activity, that creates jobs and provides a level of practical capability, is the most important economic consideration.
To further stimulate economic activity the cost of living (utilities-energy and rates) must be minimised. The deprivatisation of utilities should be considered since profiteering in these monopolistic or rigid markets (there is no real competition) has driven costs upwards whilst providing poorer services. Moreover, profiteering has led to vital infrastructure being poorly maintained. Lowering of council rates can be achieved by a drastic reduction in Government expenses, with a mindset of service rather than of self importance and entitlement. Huge reductions in exorbitant public service salaries, at National, State and Local levels will be required. It is a fact that all Government institutions draw their funding, for the most part, from personal income and business, taking away money from the wealth generating side of the economy. While funds must be spent on infrastructure and services, including police and hospital funding, costs must not be allowed to go out of control.
Outside of simply increasing/protecting the revenue base, and controlling expenses, policies must be enacted, in the National Interest, so that levels of internal functionality and self sufficiency are maintained for practical strategic reasons. Action should be taken in the following areas (that repeat some of what has already been outlined):
# Maintenance of a domestic oil refining capability and the creation of strategic fuel reserves in multiple locations.
# Maintenance of the country's energy independence utilising natural resources with the aim of providing cheap electricity and gas to the public and industry.
# Maintenance of a domestic technological and industrial capability, including vehicle manufacturing outside of the defence sector.
# Maintenance of a domestic arms industry.
# Maintenance of the country's food self sufficiency and independence, protecting this industry from GMO monopolists or other threats.
# Maintenance of a physically and mentally healthy civilian population, which includes the promotion of sporting activities, nutrition, and social/psychological conditioning programs to encourage self confidence, effort, and respect for others (where the adult population is reminded of the need to set a good example for their children). Good manners must be promoted over a culture of negative or resentful attitudes. The population also needs greater self awareness of various vices and their consequences, although risk/reward concepts are not to be discouraged.
# The Establishment of a National Investment (Industry) Fund to facilitate sovereign productive activity (that can work in cooperation with the Public Bank).
# The Establishment of a Public Bank, such as the Bank of North Dakota, allowing direct control over credit facilitation, including debt forgiveness. A public banking system would protect against money market meltdowns acting as an alternative source of fiat capital. The Public Bank can provide low interest lending throughout select areas of the economy, partnering with community banks, to build infrastructure or in financing public housing projects.
# Requirement of Financial Institutions (Commercial Banks) be insulated from overseas financial market collapses (likely from a Derivatives Market apocalypse) and/or/via the implementation of Glass-Steagall type legislation that separates Investment banks from Commercial Banking.
# The creation of a National Lottery Fund, in partnership with an existing Lottery Corporation, to act like the UK's National Lottery - intended to fund local community or heritage projects.
# Severe restrictions placed on foreign ownership of businesses to no more than 35%. The National Investment Fund, and internal entrepreneurs, can replace this source of capital.
# Taxation on overseas sourced products and components must be set at a higher rate than domestically produced goods. This is to encourage domestic production.
# Floating Tariffs enacted to protect strategically important industries such as steel and car manufacturing that adjusts upwards or downwards depending on the value of the Australian dollar and takes into account 3rd world wage conditions and the disregard of environmental expenses in these countries. Import quotas, or bans, on particular goods and materials could also be used.
# Tobin Tax placed on financial markets that could potentially generate billions of dollars from speculators and penalise manipulative trading practices. The proceeds of the Tobin Tax would go entirely to military spending.
# Establishment of Laws against using Tax Heavens or other forms of manipulation that unfairly hides profits that have been generated in locations outside of these Tax Havens.
# The establishment of different tax rates between major city regions and rural areas (with a 10 to 20% discount for country areas) to alleviate urban congestion.
# Elimination of negative gearing on property in order to drive investment into industry and businesses - to avoid the creation of a rentier class.
# Ownership of residential property restricted to permanent residents, in order to stop unfair distortions of the domestic housing market. Foreign capital, at the time of writing, is strongly contributing to a housing market bubble and making residential property unaffordable for many citizens. Any substantial downturn in the property market will be absorbed by the Banks, following the example of Iceland, where mortgage debt was reset to 110% of the market rate.
# Immigration levels - are to be kept extremely low to suit economic and environmental needs (on a largely arid continent) - favouring skilled labour - to prevent pressure put upon the domestic economy and services. Importing people that add to unemployment levels, or to an underclass of society, is to be avoided. All unnecessary immigration must be kept to a minimum to alleviate the strain placed upon resources (water, infrastructure) and to avoid cultural conflict (that is presently evident in Europe). Leaders of our nation must also not use immigration from wealthy sections of much larger countries to inflate house prices or drive apartment building demand that leads to high density (poor) standards of living. The bottom line is that no unnecessary stress should be placed on the economy and resources. It must be remembered that migrating to another country is not a right, it's a privilege.
# The cutting of high level Government salaries across the board (mentioned earlier) at the National, State and Local levels, should occur within a 5 year time frame. There will be an elimination of publicly funded salaries that exceed $150,000 per year, or thereabouts. People should want to serve the state for the greater good, to live modestly, and not join a privileged ruling class that comes at the taxpayer's expense. The State will provide what is needed when in office in order to fulfill various roles. Current $400,000 local government salaries are simply not acceptable. This would also encourage bureaucrats to support measures that would reduce the cost of living.
# Those in public office must be subject to extreme transparency that involves film and/or audio recording of all meetings with various lobbyists (whether from industry or NGOs). It will be illegal to have off the record contacts, with severe consequences to those circumventing the law. All lobbyists must adapt to this new open system. Working in government must be like living in a house with glass walls.
# The establishment of a permanent Citizen's Grand Jury to oversee the transparency measures and the operation of Government because we cannot trust people in power including the 'independent' auditors or commissions (often populated by cronies). The Grand Jury would be appointed by random selection and have near complete access to investigate all areas of expenditure. The idea is to stop the State, and the State's wealth, being degraded by corruption. This group does not set policy but oversees Government operations according to certain guidelines and principles.
# A ten year ban must be imposed on those who have worked in Government from then operating in any business or industry group with which they've had contacts. This is to prevent the revolving door cronyism that sabotages good decision making. Industry lobbyists of all sorts must be kept at arm's length, so they can be objectively evaluated, and real value-for-money competition allowed. These restrictions should also be applied when it comes to working with foreign nations.
It is essential to recognise that the Economic Foundation, which facilitates the funding of military operations, not be divorced from defence planning. Further to this is the need for people within the country to be on the 'same page' and be 'pulling together' in defence of the nation and its wealth.
End note: This submission should be treated as a conceptual exercise. It is aimed at having the reader think about the ADF in a wholistic manner. Each suggested element should not be seen inflexibly. Thanks for your time.
END of SUBMISSION.
_____________________________
Editor's Notes: This is the link to the Defence Strategic Review page. Public submissions closed on October 30, 2022: https://www.defence.gov.au/about/reviews-inquiries/defence-strategic-review
Some post submission considerations:
Ideally numbers of AH-64E Apaches should increase beyond the 44 listed to a number starting from 66 to 80+ aircraft. Also, these platforms should be equipped with extreme short range anti-missile missiles (that will also be carried by other ADF aircraft).
The Redback turret is especially favoured with under armour missile reloading allowing the vehicle to act as a tank destroyer, with multiple reloads held in the troop compartment. The same turret fitted to a Boxer would allow that vehicle to perform this role.
The suggested 44 HIMARS systems should be swapped in favour of at least 100 K239 Chunmoo MLRS units from Korea that allows a range of different rocket artillery calibers to be used. Whenever possible the numbers of artillery units, of all kinds, should be increased. A total of 2000 heavy artillery pieces, that include 120mm mortars, would be an adequate long term target.
A massive increase in the use of killer, and grenade/rifle carrying, drones is needed across the board. Drone operation competitions need to be carried out in schools and via civilians clubs, and also with the ADF Cadets program. 3rd Division must now be geared heavily towards killer drone operations training. Local training centres should include drone operations as a prime area of focus. In times of conflict the civilian UAV clubs can further be used to supply operators to control killer drones.
Mini suicide drones should be developed for urban combat (inside buildings).
The introduction of large sized ballistic shields, to protect against either drone delivered grenade attacks or mini suicide drones, active in trench and urban warfare scenarios, should be considered.
Overall improvements in body armour protection, with neck and limb extensions, and anti-mine footwear/plates should be explored (to combat butterfly mines).
Ongoing examination of power suits, perhaps driven by a battery, or hybrid engine, that provides all around resistance to grenade attack and small arms, should be considered. The suits would use recent robot technology to keep the operator upright in tricky terrain. They may also operate autonomously, without a human pilot. Their operation would be in conjunction with IFV transports that would provide logistics for their power units. Such suits would feature AI mini drones providing situational awareness and APS systems.
*A return to conventional powered submarines could be considered in the future as battery technology improves. (At present) time considerations have ruled out such an option with the cancellation of the Barracuda Class in favour of nuclear powered boats. Nevertheless, the French Government is still open to producing such vessels. In the event political demands end the nuclear boat program Australia should seek conventional boats from an open production line, to replace Collins, and then set up to build 10-12 Barracuda Class vessels.
Navy USVs, of the ship deployable type, should also include a suicide drone packed with explosives. They could be used against civilian ships, infrastructure and for surprise attacks against other warships.
In terms of societal consideration, it is important to reiterate the need for all levels of Government to reduce living costs and their own expenses. It should be their goal to lower costs across the board when it comes to reducing power costs, rates, and other charges.
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